{"id":144,"date":"2018-03-10T16:12:00","date_gmt":"2018-03-10T16:12:00","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/kindsonthegenius.com\/blog\/2018\/03\/10\/hypothesis-testing-problem-question-3-in-a-packing-plant-a-machine\/"},"modified":"2020-11-05T13:46:03","modified_gmt":"2020-11-05T12:46:03","slug":"hypothesis-testing-problem-question-3-in-a-packing-plant-a-machine","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/kindsonthegenius.com\/blog\/hypothesis-testing-problem-question-3-in-a-packing-plant-a-machine\/","title":{"rendered":"Hypothesis Testing Problem &#8211; Question 3 (In a packing plant, a machine&#8230;"},"content":{"rendered":"<div style=\"color: #555555; font-size: 18px; line-height: 30px; text-align: justify;\">\n<div style=\"font-family: 'segoe ui';\"><span style=\"color: #990000; font-size: x-large;\"><b><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">Question <\/span><\/b><\/span><br \/>In a packaging plant, a machine packs cartons with jars. It is supposed that a new machine would pack faster on the average than the machine currently used. To test the hypothesis, the time it takes each machine to pack ten carons are recorded. The result in seconds is as follows.<\/p>\n<table border=\"1\" style=\"width: 200px;\">\n<tbody>\n<tr>\n<td><b>&nbsp;New Machine<\/b><\/td>\n<td><b>Old Machine <\/b><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>&nbsp;42.1<\/td>\n<td>&nbsp;42.7<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>&nbsp;41<\/td>\n<td>&nbsp;43.6<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>&nbsp;41.3<\/td>\n<td>&nbsp;43.8<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>&nbsp;41.8<\/td>\n<td>&nbsp;43.3<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>&nbsp;42.4<\/td>\n<td>&nbsp;42.5<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>&nbsp;42.8<\/td>\n<td>&nbsp;43.5<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>&nbsp;43.2<\/td>\n<td>&nbsp;43.1<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>&nbsp;42.3<\/td>\n<td>&nbsp;41.7<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>&nbsp;41.8<\/td>\n<td>&nbsp;44<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>&nbsp;42.7<\/td>\n<td>44.1 <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n<p>Do the data provide sufficient evidence to conclude that, on the average, the new machine packs faster? Perform&nbsp; the required hypothesis test at the 5% level of significance.<\/p>\n<p><span style=\"color: #274e13; font-size: x-large;\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\"><b>Solution Steps<\/b><\/span><\/span><br \/><a href=\"http:\/\/kindsonthegenius.blogspot.com\/2018\/03\/excel-sheets-for-statistics-with.html\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">Download the excel sheet for this excercise for free<\/a><sub><br \/><\/sub><\/p>\n<p>Just as before, we need to try to understand the question clearly so we can set up the null hypothesis and the alternate hypothesis.<\/p>\n<p>Note the following points about this question<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>there are two samples given<\/li>\n<li>two scenarios needs to be compared&nbsp;<\/li>\n<li>note this statement in the question: &#8216;it is supposed that&#8230;&#8217;. That gives you the null hypothesis&nbsp;<\/li>\n<li>two means need to be compared<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p><span style=\"color: red;\"><b>Quiz<\/b><\/span>: What type of test do you think would be used?<br \/><span style=\"color: #38761d;\"><b>Answer<\/b><\/span>: Independent Samples t-test <\/p>\n<p><b>Step 1: Set up the null hypothesis and the alternate hypothesis<\/b><\/p>\n<p><b>H<sub>0<\/sub>:<\/b> \u03bc<sub>1<\/sub> \u2260 \u03bc<sub>2<\/sub><br \/><b>H<sub>a<\/sub><\/b>: \u03bc<sub>1<\/sub> = \u03bc<sub>2<\/sub><br \/><b>Note<\/b>: The null hypothesis says that the new machine is better. If this is the case, then the mean of the two samples would not be equal. That is the null hypothesis<\/p>\n<p><b>Step 2: Calculate the means of the two groups<\/b><br \/>Create a table like the one below and use it to calculate the means of the two groups. You can also calculate the means by hand.<\/p>\n<div style=\"clear: both; text-align: center;\"><a href=\"https:\/\/2.bp.blogspot.com\/-pZAqvrO-50Q\/WqPul024lvI\/AAAAAAAABMs\/l9ZShv271OEiDjKF2QYqLh3xinNZ_eirwCLcBGAs\/s1600\/Independent-Samples-t-Test-Table.jpg\" style=\"margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;\"><img decoding=\"async\" loading=\"lazy\" border=\"0\" data-original-height=\"569\" data-original-width=\"941\" height=\"385\" src=\"https:\/\/2.bp.blogspot.com\/-pZAqvrO-50Q\/WqPul024lvI\/AAAAAAAABMs\/l9ZShv271OEiDjKF2QYqLh3xinNZ_eirwCLcBGAs\/s640\/Independent-Samples-t-Test-Table.jpg\" width=\"640\" \/>&nbsp;<\/a><\/div>\n<div style=\"clear: both; text-align: center;\">Table 1<\/div>\n<div style=\"clear: both; text-align: center;\"><\/div>\n<p><a href=\"https:\/\/youtu.be\/-SPHDqIZzi4\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">Watch how to easily create this table using MS Excel<\/a><\/p>\n<p><b>Step 3: Calculate the Differences and the Square Differences<\/b><br \/>The difference is gotten by subtracting the mean from each of the values.<br \/>That is for i = 1 to n, calculate x<sub>i<\/sub> &#8211; m<\/p>\n<p>where m is the mean of the sample <\/p>\n<p>Then you square this values as well.<br \/>If you have done this correctly, the excel sheet would be as shown in Table 2<\/p>\n<div style=\"clear: both; text-align: center;\"><a href=\"https:\/\/3.bp.blogspot.com\/-ECmXaC4cGYE\/WqPwRI5uYII\/AAAAAAAABM4\/Cnwwrqiqf3sjw-wxHqFXuEFaB2iSzwLVQCLcBGAs\/s1600\/Independent-Samples-t-Test-Table2.jpg\" style=\"margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;\"><img decoding=\"async\" loading=\"lazy\" border=\"0\" data-original-height=\"613\" data-original-width=\"892\" height=\"436\" src=\"https:\/\/3.bp.blogspot.com\/-ECmXaC4cGYE\/WqPwRI5uYII\/AAAAAAAABM4\/Cnwwrqiqf3sjw-wxHqFXuEFaB2iSzwLVQCLcBGAs\/s640\/Independent-Samples-t-Test-Table2.jpg\" width=\"640\" \/>&nbsp;<\/a><\/div>\n<div style=\"clear: both; text-align: center;\">Table 2 <\/div>\n<p><b>Step 4: Calculate the Variance for each group<\/b><br \/>The formular for standard deviation is given as:<br \/>Note that variance is the square of the standard deviation<\/p>\n<div style=\"clear: both; text-align: center;\"><a href=\"https:\/\/4.bp.blogspot.com\/-RL2WkisCAbM\/WqPxjdsIY0I\/AAAAAAAABNE\/DtswZqKZ5OsOQmz10_Gtel6r3k8D3K63wCLcBGAs\/s1600\/Standard%2BDeviation%2BFormular.jpg\" style=\"margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;\"><img decoding=\"async\" loading=\"lazy\" border=\"0\" data-original-height=\"112\" data-original-width=\"360\" height=\"96\" src=\"https:\/\/4.bp.blogspot.com\/-RL2WkisCAbM\/WqPxjdsIY0I\/AAAAAAAABNE\/DtswZqKZ5OsOQmz10_Gtel6r3k8D3K63wCLcBGAs\/s320\/Standard%2BDeviation%2BFormular.jpg\" width=\"320\" \/><\/a><\/div>\n<p>This formula is quite simple. It means that you need to calculate the sum of the squared differences (or deviations) and divide by n-1. We already have this column in our table(as D^2). So we simple take the sum of this coulmn.<br \/>Do this for the two groups to get s1 and s2<\/p>\n<p>The tabe would the be as shown in Table 3.<\/p>\n<div style=\"clear: both; text-align: center;\"><a href=\"https:\/\/1.bp.blogspot.com\/-Pi5Cca0Q7eM\/WqP0_pgV3BI\/AAAAAAAABNU\/_Xm3fMmPFfU3NQHN3ZPZkIcbVkJK6c-bQCEwYBhgL\/s1600\/Independent-Samples-t-Test-Table3.jpg\" style=\"margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;\"><img decoding=\"async\" loading=\"lazy\" border=\"0\" data-original-height=\"730\" data-original-width=\"1370\" height=\"340\" src=\"https:\/\/1.bp.blogspot.com\/-Pi5Cca0Q7eM\/WqP0_pgV3BI\/AAAAAAAABNU\/_Xm3fMmPFfU3NQHN3ZPZkIcbVkJK6c-bQCEwYBhgL\/s640\/Independent-Samples-t-Test-Table3.jpg\" width=\"640\" \/><\/a><\/div>\n<div style=\"clear: both; text-align: center;\">Table 3<\/div>\n<div style=\"clear: both; text-align: center;\"><\/div>\n<p><b>Step 5: Calculate the t-statistic<\/b><br \/>Using the data from the table in step 2, calculate the t statistic using following the calculation steps.<br \/>All the values you need are in the Table 3. <\/p>\n<div style=\"clear: both; text-align: center;\"><a href=\"https:\/\/3.bp.blogspot.com\/-Wnj6tor8MDI\/WqP8aLye60I\/AAAAAAAABNg\/vo9i-_XvQtABi-fGeDJMfDK-9b0WNpODQCLcBGAs\/s1600\/t-Statistics%2BCalculation%2BSteps%2BWith%2BValues.jpg\" style=\"margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;\"><img decoding=\"async\" loading=\"lazy\" border=\"0\" data-original-height=\"763\" data-original-width=\"353\" height=\"640\" src=\"https:\/\/3.bp.blogspot.com\/-Wnj6tor8MDI\/WqP8aLye60I\/AAAAAAAABNg\/vo9i-_XvQtABi-fGeDJMfDK-9b0WNpODQCLcBGAs\/s640\/t-Statistics%2BCalculation%2BSteps%2BWith%2BValues.jpg\" width=\"296\" \/><\/a><\/div>\n<p><span style=\"color: #38761d;\">Finally we have it!<\/span><br \/>This value is called the calculated t statistics (or the absolute value of t, since we would not consider the negative sign) <\/p>\n<p>The hint to getting used the t-statistic formula is to write it a couple of times on paper until you can write it without looking at this page.<\/p>\n<p>The final excel sheet is shown in Table 4 (<a href=\"http:\/\/kindsonthegenius.blogspot.com\/2018\/03\/excel-sheets-for-statistics-with.html\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">Download this sheet from here<\/a>)<\/p>\n<p><\/p>\n<div style=\"clear: both; text-align: center;\"><a href=\"https:\/\/4.bp.blogspot.com\/-rcl0Z5sMfdM\/WqQA3pnC4SI\/AAAAAAAABN0\/0bbS2FcCfsUNRqXxp5HNmbJH1NHvQ_i0gCLcBGAs\/s1600\/Independent-Samples-t-Test-Table-Final.jpg\" style=\"margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;\"><img decoding=\"async\" loading=\"lazy\" border=\"0\" data-original-height=\"700\" data-original-width=\"1212\" height=\"368\" src=\"https:\/\/4.bp.blogspot.com\/-rcl0Z5sMfdM\/WqQA3pnC4SI\/AAAAAAAABN0\/0bbS2FcCfsUNRqXxp5HNmbJH1NHvQ_i0gCLcBGAs\/s640\/Independent-Samples-t-Test-Table-Final.jpg\" width=\"640\" \/><\/a><\/div>\n<div style=\"text-align: center;\">Table 4: Final Table of Independent Sample t-Test <\/div>\n<\/div>\n<div style=\"font-family: 'segoe ui';\"><\/div>\n<div style=\"font-family: 'segoe ui';\"><\/div>\n<div style=\"font-family: 'segoe ui';\"><\/div>\n<div style=\"font-family: 'segoe ui';\"><\/div>\n<div style=\"font-family: 'segoe ui';\"><\/div>\n<div style=\"font-family: 'segoe ui';\"><\/div>\n<div style=\"clear: both; text-align: center;\"><\/div>\n<div style=\"font-family: 'segoe ui';\"><b>Step 6: Look up Critical value of&nbsp; t from table<\/b><br \/><a href=\"https:\/\/kindsonthegenius.com\/blog\/statistical-tables\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">Get the statistical table from here<\/a><br \/>Check the critical value for&nbsp; t in the statistical table. This value from the table called written as K\u03b1<br \/>To look this up we need the degrees of freedom and the alpha<br \/>degrees of freedom(df) = n<sub>1<\/sub>&nbsp;+ n<sub>2<\/sub> &#8211; 2 = 10 + 10 &#8211; 2 = 18 <br \/>\u03b1&nbsp; = 0.05<\/p>\n<p>K<sub>0.05<\/sub> = 1.7291<\/p>\n<p><b>Step 7: Draw the conclusion<\/b><br \/>Compare the two values: the calculated t value and the value of t from the statistical table.<br \/>Since the absolute value of the t statistic (calculated) is greater than the critical value, we reject (or fail to accept) the null hypothesis.<br \/>We then conclude that there is significant difference in the two means and that the new machine is signicantly faster than the old one. <br \/><sub><br \/><\/sub><br \/><a href=\"http:\/\/kindsonthegenius.blogspot.com\/2018\/03\/excel-sheets-for-statistics-with.html\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">Download the excel sheet for this excercis for free<\/a><sub><\/sub><\/p>\n<p><a href=\"https:\/\/youtu.be\/-SPHDqIZzi4\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">Watch the video of the lesson here <\/a><\/div>\n<\/div>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>Question In a packaging plant, a machine packs cartons with jars. It is supposed that a new machine would pack faster on the average than &hellip; <\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":2,"featured_media":0,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"_mi_skip_tracking":false,"_monsterinsights_sitenote_active":false,"_monsterinsights_sitenote_note":"","_monsterinsights_sitenote_category":0},"categories":[223],"tags":[],"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/kindsonthegenius.com\/blog\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/144"}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/kindsonthegenius.com\/blog\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/kindsonthegenius.com\/blog\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/kindsonthegenius.com\/blog\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/2"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/kindsonthegenius.com\/blog\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=144"}],"version-history":[{"count":1,"href":"https:\/\/kindsonthegenius.com\/blog\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/144\/revisions"}],"predecessor-version":[{"id":1708,"href":"https:\/\/kindsonthegenius.com\/blog\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/144\/revisions\/1708"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/kindsonthegenius.com\/blog\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=144"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/kindsonthegenius.com\/blog\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/categories?post=144"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/kindsonthegenius.com\/blog\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/tags?post=144"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}